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Panentheism

The belief that the universe is contained within God. The universe is a part of God, but not all of God.Pantheism This is an identification of the universe with God. With this view there is a blurring of the distinction between the Creator and the creation. Pantheism tends to equate God with the process of the universe and states that the universe is God and God is the universe. This is a problem for Christians who believe that God is the creator of the universe (Isaiah 44:24) and therefore separate from it.Papyrus A plant growing along the Nile in Egypt during biblical times. It was used as writing material. Papyrus scrolls were made by cutting and pressing sections of the papyri plant together at right angles. The typical maximum length of a scroll was about 35 feet. The scribe, when using papyrus, would often use the natural horizontal fibers of the papyrus plant as guidelines. He would take a blunt instrument and score horizontal lines and then score two or more vertical lines as margins for the edge of the sheet or to define columns on it. We get the word “paper” from this word. Many of the biblical manuscripts were on papyrus.Parable An illustrative discourse or story that uses common events and culture and is meant to convey a meaning or lesson. Jesus used parables extensively. Some of the OT parables are Trees Making a King (2 Sam. 12:1-4); The Thistle and the Cedar (2 Kings 14:9); Israel, a Vine Planted by Water (Ezek. 24:1014), etc. Some NT parables are The Sower (Luke 8:5-8); the Ten Virgins (Matt. 25:1-13); The Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37); The Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32), etc. See Parables.Paradise Biblically, paradise is the place of uninterrupted bliss. The Garden of Eden was considered a paradise. Jesus mentioned paradise while on the cross (Luke 23:43) and Paul also mentioned Paradise (2 Cor. 12:1-4). See also: HeavenParapsychology The study of things not generally explainable by the scientific method. Examples of subjects studied by parapsychologists would be telepathy, clairvoyance, ghosts, etc.Parousia (par-ooo-see’-a) A Greek term that means “arrival” or “coming.” The term is often referred to as the time of Christ’s return; hence, the Parousia, i.e., 2 Thess. 2:1.Pascal’s Wager The argument that believing in God is the most logical thing to do since if there is a God and you deny him, then you are in trouble. If there is no god and you accept him, there is no problem because it doesn’t matter. Logically, it is better to not deny that God exists than to deny he does. There is truth to this argument, but the problem is that it does not define which “god” to believe in.Pedobaptism The practice of infant baptism.Pelagianism The teaching of a monk named Pelagius in the fifth Century. He taught that people are free to choose good or evil and there is no inherited sin (through Adam). Every infant born into the world is in the same condition as Adam before the fall and becomes a sinner only by commiting a specific violation of the law. This is opposed to the orthodox view that the sin of Adam implicated the entire human race, a notion referred to as the doctrine of original sin. (Compare to Arminianism and Calvinism.)Penance In Catholicism, a process through which sins are acknowledged and forgiven. In the Roman Catholic Church, penance is seen as one of the sacraments and is a means of grace.More on the sacraments. Pentateuch This word is from the Greek penta, “five” and teuchos, “a tool”. It refers to the first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. All five were traditionally attributed to Moses and are also known as “the Law”.Pentecost The word comes from the Greek which means fifty. So, Pentecost was a celebration on the fiftieth day after Passover. It was a culmination of the feast of weeks (Exodus 34:22,23). Pentecost in the NT is the arrival of the Holy Spirit for the church (Acts 2). At Pentecost the disciples of Jesus were gathered and upon the filling of the Holy Spirit, they heard a great wind and spoke in tongues as tongues of fire that settled upon them. The significance of the fire can be found in recognizing it as a symbol of the dwelling of the Spirit of God (Exodus 19:18; 1 Pet. 4:14).More on Pentecost.Permissive decree In Christian theology, those events that God permits, but does not cause. An example of a permissive decree would be Adam’s decision to eat the fruit from the tree od knowledge in the Garden of Eden. This was against God’s will, yet God permitted it.Perseverance To endure to the end. Theologically, the term “perseverance of the saints” is the teaching that salvation cannot be lost, that the saints will preserver to the end.Person A variety of definitions can be offered from a human being to a legal organization with rights. In biblical reference it is generically an individual capable of free choice. In reference to the Trinity as three persons, the word refers to the attributes of personhood: self-awareness, choice, can reason, love, possessing a will and consciousness, etc. Humans possess these attributes as well.Pharisee The Pharisees were a Jewish sect from the second century B.C. to the first century C. E. They considered the entire old Testament to be authoritative, unlike the Sadducees who only accepted the first five books. The Pharisees believed in life after death, the resurrection, the existence of angels and demons, and that the way to God was through keeping the law. “According to Josephus, the Pharisees were the group most influential with the people, were noted for their accurate and therefore authoritative interpretations of Jewish law, and had their own traditions and way of life to which they were faithful. They had a simple standard of living and cultivated harmonious relations with others.1Philosophy The study of seeking knowledge and wisdom in understanding the nature of the universe, humanity, ethics, art, love, purpose, etc. Pluralism The idea that diversity is of positive value for its own sake. A commitment to pluralism involves respect for persons of different religious traditions, ethnic or cultural backgrounds, social class, race or sexual orientation. Pneumatology The study of the Holy Spirit, Her person, works, relation to the Creator and the Son, relation to humanity and active role in salvation and sanctification.Polytheism The teaching that there are many gods. In the Ancient Near East the nation of Israel was surrounded by people who worshipped many different gods. The Bible contains a great deal of polemic, attacking these gods and condemning those who worship them. In the contemporary context in which people have come to appreciate the value of diversity, such a hostile attitude towards people of other faith traditions is no longer acceptable. (See Monotheism.)Pope In Catholicism, the Pope is seen as Christ’s representative on earth. He is regarded as the successor of Peter. For more on the Pope and the papacy.Postmillennialism The belief that through the preaching of the word of God, the entire world will be converted to Christianity and this will usher in the kingdom of Christ. This is when Christ will return.Postmodernism An important movement in contemporary thought that emphasizes the contingency of knowledge and the impossibility of having direct access to any absolute or objective truth. Postmodernism has influenced theology, art, culture, architecture, society, film, technology, and economics. Pragmatism A method in philosophy where value is determined by practical results.Prayer A process through which God is acknowledged, praised and celebrated. Many believe that prayer involves direct communicaton with God and /or Jesus, the Holy Spirit, Mary, or the saints. There are prayers of confession, intercession and petition. For more on prayer.Pre-Adamites The teaching that there was a race of people before Adam and Eve who lived in the Garden and that the fall of Satan caused a widespread destruction of the world. The result of this destruction was so vast that the world needed to be re-made with Adam and Eve being the first of the new order.Pre-existence The teaching that before our existence here on earth, we had a prior existence. In Christian theology, pre-existence is generally not asserted or affirmed.Predestine, Predestination The doctrine that God has foreordained all things which will come to pass. Many of those who believe in predestination maintain that since God is the one who decides who will enjoy the benefits of salvation, it is not up the individual to identify who is included within the kingdom of heaven and who is not. Belief in predestination was an important part of Calvinist theology. (See also, Calvinism) As generally presented, the idea is not seen as removing the element of individual choice, freedom, or responsibilityPremillennialism This is a teaching concerning the end times (eschatology). It says that there is a future millennium (1000 years) where Christ will rule and reign over the earth. At the beginning of the millennium Satan and his angels will be bound and peace will exist on the entire earth. At the end of the 1000 years Satan will be released in order to raise an army against Jesus. Jesus will destroy them and then the final judgment will take place with the new heavens and the new earth being made.Preterition The act of passing over something, or neglecting it. In some branches of Reformed theology, it is believed that God “passed over” certain people by not electing them into salvation. Instead, only those elected to salvation will be included in the kingdom of heaven.Priest A person ordained to perform the sacraments. The word priest is preferred in the Roman Catholic Church, some Anglican churches, and most branches of Orthodoxy. Most Protestant denominations prefer “minister” or “pastor.” For more on the different families or denominations of Christianity.Prophet Someone who is the mouthpiece of God. He/She stands between God and the people to communicate the word of God. When the prophet spoke the “word of God,” he/she was considered to be inspired. A prophet was considered God’s servant (Zech. 1:6) and messenger (2 Chron. 36:15). The term Law and Prophets refers to the writings of the Hebrew Bible divided into two categories. The Law is the Pentateuch, or Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The Prophets are all the rest of the HB books.Propitiation This means the turning away of wrath by an offering. It is similar to expiation but expiation does not carry the nuances involving wrath. In some theological circles, the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross is considered to be not only a propitiation, but the one propitiation that is sufficient for all. The saving act of suffering on the cross “turned away” the wrath of God so that God could pass “over the sins previously committed” (Rom. 3:25).Purgatory Purgatory is the belief that there exists a place after death where some of the sins of people are purged. After a period of time, the person is then set free and enters heaven. “Gifts or services rendered to the church, prayers by the priests, and masses provided by relatives or friends in behalf of the deceased can shorten, alleviate or eliminate the sojourn of the soul in purgatory.” This is a view rejected by most Protestants. The Roman Catholic Church is currently revaluating this teaching.

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